The History and Theory of Magical Realism Essay - 1217 Words

The History and Theory of Magical Realism Fantasy, Magical, Supernatural, Sublime, and Realism are all several genres of literature that may be familiar to many people. However, there may be one that is not as well-known as these: Magical Realism. Although Magical Realism is mostly common in the Latin American countries, one may wonder where and how Magical Realism got its start. On the other hand, one may simply wonder what some of the characteristics of Magical Realism are. By looking at the history and theory of Magical Realism as well as some of its characteristics and influences, these questions will be answered. Interestingly, the term Magical Realism was first used in 1925 by a German art critic, Franz Roh. In his†¦show more content†¦Instead, Leal asserts that Arturo Uslar Pietri was the writer who promoted Magical Realism when he used Rohs phrase in describing literature (Leal 120-121). One source even says that it was not until the 1960s that Magical Realism had become a term used by both readers and writers (Magic Realism). In addition to the disputes about the history of Magical Realism, there is also some dispute as to an exact definition of what Magical Realism is. In reference to art, Roh used the term to describe Post-Expressionistic works that made something ordinary appear to be something extraordinary. Also in reference to art, Angel Flores stated that Magical Realists transform the common and the everyday into the awesome and the unreal. Therefore, according to Flores, one definition of Magical Realism may be that it is something that crosses between reality and fantasy. Furthermore, in Magical Realism the characters in the story as well as the reader must accept the unreal as being normal (Flores 114-116). Conversely, Leal defines Magical Realism as an attitude towards reality that can be expressed in popular or cultured forms ( Leal 121). Leal would agree more with Rohs statement that Magical Realism discovers the mystery that hides and palpitates behind it [the world] (Roh 16). Leal seems to think that Flores definition of MagicalShow MoreRelatedEssay about The History and Theory of Magical Realism1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe History and Theory of Magical Realism Magical Realism is one of todays most popular subjects in literature to discuss regarding its history and theory of Magical Realism. It began in the Latin culture and now is known word wide for its attributes. Magical Realism is even rivaling some of the great masterpieces of modern and past literature. Someday Magical Realism will be recognized and respected just as the classics are today. Magical Realism supposedly began in 1935 with its goldenRead MoreThe Theory, History, and Development of Magical Realism Essay examples3188 Words   |  13 PagesMagical realism is more a literary mode than a distinguishable genre and it aims to seize the paradox of the union of opposites such as time and timelessness, life and death, dream and reality and the pre-colonial past and the post-industrial present. It is characterized by two conflicting perspectives. While accepting the rational view of reality, it also considers the supernatural as a part of reality. The setting in a magical realist text is a normal world with authentic human characters. It isRead More History and Theory Essays1023 Words   |  5 PagesHistory and Theory The world is full of magical realism. Magical Realism may just become a word that people thought of in the 1930s; however, magical realism has been here for as long as the people have been able to tell and write stories. Whether the stories are true or made up, they are all magical realism. The first author who started associating the words of magical realism to out was a German art critic, by the name of Franz Roh. Roh considered magical realism an art category. It representedRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Metamorphosis1033 Words   |  5 Pagesdeath. In reading the short story The Metamorphosis, (1971),one can realize how small the difference is between Magical Realism and Fantastic. This literature written by the Austrian, Franz Kafka, is often debated over. The magical elements in this story are obvious like they should be in fantastic literature. It is not often that humans are turned into insects. Another magical element that is not as clear is the unconditional love that Gregor had for his parents and sister after they had longRead More Sublime Elements in Of Love and Other Demons Essay919 Words   |  4 Pages(1994), written by the Columbian Gabriel Garcia Marquez, has more characteristics of sublime literature than of magical realist literature. Magical Realism and the sublime are so closely related that distinguishing between the two is hard. They are more closely related than magical realism and the fantastic.    Of Love and Other Demons has elements of magical realism. Of all the magical elements, the most important and the most obvious is the dream that is shared by both Sierva and Delaura beforeRead More Magical Realism in The Garden of Forking Paths Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMagical Realism in The Garden of Forking Paths While there may be some debate as to whether the Argentinian Jorge Luis Borges was technically a Magical Realist, some may feel that his works definitely do have some of the characteristics of what is considered Magical Realistic literature. Among his various types of works are poetry, essays, fantasies, and short fictions. Often referred to in essays that discuss the history and theory of Magical Realism, The Garden of Forking Paths isRead More Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesDiscovering a Culture through Magical Realism      Ã‚   Every culture has a memorable type of literature. When one thinks of English literature, one thinks of William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens. The American writers Thoreau, Clemens, and Emerson bring to mind the days when America was still proving herself to be equal to the European countries. France had her own artists, such as Voltaire and Hugo, as did Spain with Cervantes and Dante. However, when one thinks of Latin America, what writersRead More Realistic and Magical Elements of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings1111 Words   |  5 PagesRealistic and Magical Elements of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚   A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is a renowned short story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It was published in 1955. Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born and spent his childhood in Colombia but has lived in Paris and Mexico. As for the work that made him famous, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is considered by most an archetype of Magical Realism. When reading A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, one comesRead MoreEssay on Identifying The Day We Were Dogs1017 Words   |  5 PagesWe Were Dogs      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether or not The Day We Were Dogs (1993) is a magical realist story is questionable. Often stories are misidentified because of the closeness of literature such as magical realism, the fantastic, and the sublime. The story leaves a lot to ones imagination instead of presenting it in the text. Elena Garro blends two days and two completely different worlds together in this story. The magical elements depend on how one uses his or her imagination throughout this storyRead More Magical Realism and Psychology Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism and Psychology Magical realism was first used by the art critic Franz Roh to designate the pictorial output of the Postexpressionist period, beginning around 1925 (Leal 120). Later, this term was applied to forms of literature. This type of literature contains characteristics such as real and unreal elements, no hesitation, and hidden meanings. Given these and other characteristics, it is easy to see that magical realism can be applied to things outside of literature, such

Gangs Essay - 1766 Words

Gangs Works Cited Missing Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in todays cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do some kids feel that being in a gang is an acceptable and prestigious way to live? There are many different theories to these questions. On the surface, gangs may appear to be shallow and materialistic; a result of human beings personal wants, but there are speculations that are more profound. In reference to the way humans are influenced in society, there is valid evidence to distribute blame at negative forces of economic disadvantages, capitalism, and the media. Along with gang membership comes easy gains for the gang member. The gang members are easily consumed with the money,†¦show more content†¦Increasingly, children are being raised in homes disrupted by divorce and economic stress; too many children emerge under socialized and under supervised. (Fox 117). Of all the negative influences that have affected gang members, the roots are found within below average economic situations. The people with less than adequate paying jobs are more inclined to poverty and thus subjected to more afflicted ways of life. Youth living these impoverished lives in lower class areas are more prone to joining gangs because they face it everyday.  ¡Ã‚ °Poverty has a cumulative effect, and that burden feels the heaviest on the shoulders of the youngest and weakest children. ¡Ã‚ ±(Fleisher 248) In situations where children are in neither a good family nor have a stable financial situation, nor well supervised, it is very easy for them to divert to gangs. In a society where more than 57% of children do not have the necessary full-time supervision they need (Fox 117), these children tend to fulfill their desire to be part of a family by joining gangs.  ¡Ã‚ °Often they [gangs] offer protection and acceptance to ghetto youths who come from broken homes with little security. ¡Ã‚ ±(Grinney 76) It has been proved that there is a correlation between the status of an individuals family, and the higher chance that individual has of joining a gang. Key informants in this study who were regular gang members were foundShow MoreRelatedGang Report On Gang Groups840 Words   |  4 Pages2013 National Gang Report, gangs continue to flourish, progress, and develop criminal tradecrafts (p. 3). Based on state, local, and federal law enforcement reporting, the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) calculated that the US gang composition is approximately 88 percent street gang members, 9.5 percent prison gang members, and 2.5 percent outla w motorcycle gang (OMG) members. Street gangs pose the most violent and significant threat in most communities, while prison gangs are viewed asRead MoreCharacteristics Of Chicago Gang Gangs988 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of Chicago’s gangs of the 1920 was the division across ethnic lines. In other words, representatives of the same ethnic group stuck together and frowned upon the inclusion of outsiders into their gangs. Of course, larger gangs were often multiethnic, but their core was predominantly monoethnic. The same tendency prevailed across the country, as gangs in New York and Philadelphia were also increasingly homogenous. Asian triads, Italian mafia, Irish and Jewish gangs were all incestuous organizationsRead MoreGangs: Crime and Gang Violence1549 Words   |  7 PagesGangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today s cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence weRead MoreAfrican American Gang Gangs1943 Words   |  8 Pagesis relative in space and time. Gangs are a seen as a deviant subculture within itself. While not all gang members have a criminally deviant agenda, many do perform deviant acts such as graffiti, robbery, larceny, assault, drug deals and homicide. Regardless of what the intentions of joining are, becoming a gang member is considered a deviant behavior in our society. There are different types of gangs such as street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, ethnic gangs etc. For this paper, the focusRead MoreThe Violence Of Gangs And Gangs1377 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have become one of the nation’s fastest growing problems within recent history. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation about 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 2.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. They use violence to control neighborhoods and boost their illegal moneymaking activities, which include but are not limited to: robbery, drug and gun trafficking, fraud, extortion, and prostitute rings. With as much researchRead MoreU.s. Gangs And The Gangs1317 Words   |  6 Pagesoriginated with U.S. gangs in an effort for drug cartels to amp up and focus on their production, leaving the logistics to the gangs. The drug cartels have chosen to align with U.S. gangs based on similar philosophies of honor, a llegiance, and loyalty combined with similar business practices and levels of hierarchy. The largest U.S. gangs are structured similarly to giant corporations that succeed with levels of management teams with the ultimate goal of profit, U.S. gangs are no different as theyRead MoreGangs And Gang Crimes All Together2177 Words   |  9 PagesI have chosen to write my paper on Gangs and Gang crimes all together. I want to explain the history and reasoning of modern gangs and how and why they came about. I also want to give examples of some of the most common gangs known world wide and examples of the crimes they commit. I will also include insight on the reasoning behind the joining of gangs. Lastly, I would like to go into some detail about the criminal investigation of gang crimes. I have chosen this topic because I believe it is oneRead MoreDo Gang Behavior And Gang Affiliation?1845 Words   |  8 Pagesacknowledge and challenge communities to recognize gang behavior and gang aff iliation. This paper will also describe the culture and what it means to be in a gang; key findings of the research; recommendations the community can employ to remedy the need; and discussions and implications for further study. Keywords: African-American, Black men, Hip hop, Rap music, Nigga â€Å"There are approximately 27,900 gangs, with 774,000 members, impacting towns, cities, andRead MoreClassification of Gangs847 Words   |  4 PagesClassification of Gangs Introduction The problem of classifying gangs has interested both sociologists and law enforcement. For the purpose of law enforcement, a gang is generally defined as an organized group among the members of which there is well-designed communication. This paper evaluates classification schemes from current research for gangs. The objective is to discover the issues and problems in creating classifications for gangs including a definition which delineates what constitutes a gang and differentiatesRead MoreGangs and Injunctions1330 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Injunctions Criminal activities and gangs have mostly always been an on going problem in the United States. Gangs and gang members are frequently involved with a variety of different crimes. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey reported that there are approximately 774,000 active gang members in the United States (Egley, Howell, Moore, 2010). The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey also states that there are about 27,900 active gangs in the United States (Egley et al., 2010). The active

Plural executive branch free essay sample

Arizona has a plural executive. Identify each of the constitutional officers included in Arizona’s plural executive in order of succession, as well as the two positions not included in succession. Finally, choose one position and explain at least two of the position’s duties and how the position could affect your daily life. A plural executive branch means that no single person has all the power and all officials are elected to their position. Most states have this process which differs from the country as a whole who only one has elected official, the president, and then appointed officials to support him/her. There elected members of the Arizona executive branch in order of succession are the governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and superintend of public instruction. There are two positions that are also elected offices but not included in succession. Those two offices are the state mine inspector and the state corporation commission which is made up of five people. The governor is the first among the equal elected officials and is assigned many powers by the constitution and is expected to be a stronger leader who effectively manages the state’s needs. One responsibility of â€Å"the governor is to be the official representative of the state to the nation and to the other states. † (Gawronski, 2010) This means that the governor is the face of the state and must represent the state to the national level. This can have an effect on the people that live within the state in a good and bad way. For example when Governor Brewer signed SB1070 it was thought by the rest of the nation that the majority of Arizona’s citizens were racist, this was a direct and misunderstand reflection of our Governor and state at a national and international level. People jumped to conclusions before understand what the SB1070 was trying to do. Our governor felt that since the National Government wasn’t holding to their federal laws that we as a state had to take matter into our own hands to help protect our state, law enforcement and neighborhoods from the drug cartels and smuggling of drugs. Governor Brewer’s responsibility to represent the state to the nation was tested by this example in a lot of ways due to the extreme response signing the bill got her. Another responsibility that the governor has is the power to appoint public officials. This directly affects the agencies, boards, and commission in the state. Some examples of the state agencies, that the Governor can appoint public officials to are DOC, DES, DOT, DHS, revenue, etc. Some of the boards that the governor can appoint public officials are cosmetology, education, nursing, etc. This can have an effect on many Arizona citizen’s. For example my husband is a PE Teacher, if the governor appoints a public official who does not see the importance of physical education being taught to our youth then my husband could potentially be out of a job. I have my license in cosmetology and if the governor were to appoint a public official that believes anyone with a cosmetology license must be practicing or cannot hold their license any longer that would take away the back security I have if I were ever to lose my job. Even though in a plural executive branch all the elected officials are seen as equals, the Governor is the first among those equals and probably hold the most responsibility. The responsibilities are pretty well divided but the Governor is the only elected official who has to represent the state on a national level. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 2. Executive branch members are minimally required to be at least 25 years old, 10-year citizens of the United States, and 5-year Arizona residents. Only two offices have further requirements. Describe the additional qualifications for these offices and briefly state whether you believe the current qualifications for members of the plural executive are sufficient. A successful answer will explain why executive qualifications were originally made so broad and whether this same perspective is still useful today. In order for an individual to become an elected official on the executive branch there are some specific requirements that must be met. The individual must be 25 years of age or older, are a 10 year citizen of the United State and a 5 year resident of Arizona. There are two offices that require further requirements, they are the attorney general and the state mine inspector. The attorney general is required to meet all the minimum requires as well as two additional requirements. One of the additional requirements is that the attorney general has to be qualified and admitted to the practice of law before the Arizona Supreme Court. This means that the individual elected to this office must have pasted the state boards for legal qualifications. Another additional requirement for the attorney general is that they cannot be in private practice during the term they are serving. These are two very important additional qualifications that the attorney general has to have. The citizens of the state would not want just anyone to be able to act as the attorney general. What if someone with no law qualifications was elected to office? They would not understand the duties of the job and what is legal, ethical and just. It is also important that the attorney general not be in private practice during the term they are serving because that could pose a conflict of interest in some cases. It can also be a distraction if the attorney general is in private practice they cannot fully devote their attention and time to the needs of the state job. The state mine inspector also has additional requirements that must be met before an individual can be elected to the office. The state mine inspector must be 30 years of age, have 7 years of prior underground mining experience and only has to be a resident of Arizona for 2 years. These are both important additional qualifications that must be met to be elected to the office. It’s important that the individual who is elected to this office have a significant amount of prior knowledge and experience in the mining industry before becoming the mine inspector. This knowledge will help the elected official know what are acceptable and unacceptable working conditions that pertain to the health and safety of the mine workers. It makes sense the age requirement be a bit older to make sure the elected official had the appropriate amount of experience in the field. The requirements for elected officials were originally made so board to centralize authority and keep the governor at the people’s control. The founding fathers wanted all people to have a voice and participation in the government actions this way people’s rights were protected. â€Å"They believed that anyone with average ability and with ordinary effort could perform the functions of most government offices. † (Gawronski, 2010) I believe that this thought and theory is still relevant today, but unfortunately doesn’t happen very often, when an average person is elected to an elected government office. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 3. Describe the three levels of jurisdiction in Arizona. Explain what courts make up each level and create an example of the type of case that could be heard by each court. There are three levels of jurisdiction in Arizona; the limited jurisdiction courts, the general jurisdiction courts and the appellate courts. Each of the three levels of courts is limited on the types of cases that can be held and tried within that specific type of court. In the limited jurisdiction court level there are two different types of courts; Justice of the Peace Courts and Municipal Courts. In a Justice of the Peace Court the elected official does not have to be an attorney but must be 18 years of age, be a resident of the state, and an elector in the precinct elected in, and be able to read and write English. Once elected the Justice of Peace will service a term of 4 years. In a Justice of the Peace Court they types are trials one might see consist of disputes that are less than $10,000 including evictions and landlord and tenant disputes. They also hear preliminary hearings on felonies in cases of assault and battery and underage drinking. They also hear civil and criminal traffic violations. In the Municipal Courts the elected officials requirements are set by the individuals city’s charter; in some cities the judges are attorneys and in other’s they are not and in some cities the judges are appointed by the city council and serve a minimum of 2 years. Municipal Courts are also known as police courts since they are only able to try misdemeanors. In a Municipal Courts they types of trials that might be heard there can consist of a DUI, hit and run, or reckless driving where no serious injury occurred. The Superior Court of Arizona is the only general jurisdiction court. â€Å"It is a statewide trial court and is empowered to hear and decided a large variety of cases. † (Gawronski, 2010) The varieties of cases that may be heard in the general jurisdiction court include, matters of probate, actions to prevent or stop nuisances, and criminal cases amounting to a felony and misdemeanor cases not otherwise provided for by law. The requirements for a Superior Court judge must be 30 years of age, of good moral character, a resident of Arizona and admitted to the practice of law in Arizona for not less than 5 years. There are two types of appellate jurisdiction courts in Arizona the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Both of these courts hear appeals of trials that have been filed in one of the lower level courts. Generally a case from the Superior Court that has been appealed will be heard and tried in the Court of Appeals. Cases in which the sentence is life imprisonment or the death penalty will be heard only in the Supreme Court of Arizona. To be appointed to the Court of Appeals, an elected official must meet the same requirements as those in the Superior Court but will serve a 6 year term. The Supreme Court is the highest level of court in the state of Arizona. In the Supreme Court a judge must be of good moral character, admitted to practice law in Arizona and a resident of the stat for 10 years prior to taking office. There are a total of 5 different types of courts in Arizona, all hearing and trying different levels of cases. All judges in these courts have requirements that must be met, however the requirements become more specific the higher the level of the court. This is because the higher the level of the court the higher level of seriousness the case will be in the court. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 4. The merit selection system is used in the larger Arizona counties to select judges at the appellate and general jurisdiction levels. Explain how judges are nominated within this system and how a retention election works. In Maricopa and Pima county judges in the appellate and general jurisdiction levels are selected by a merit selection system and will be voted upon in a retention election within two years of being appointed. â€Å"Commissions on judicial appointments are the core of the merit selection system. † (Gawronski, 2010) There are three commissions that are responsible for making judicial appointments; one for the Superior Courts in Maricopa County, one for the Superior Courts in Pima County and one that appoints for the appellate courts. Each commission is made up of 16 individuals; 10 non-lawyers, 5 lawyers and the chief justice. When a vacancy occurs, nominations and applications are taken and then reviewed by the assigned commission. The commission then submits 3 names that are highly qualified to the Governor, and then the Governor appoints the next judge. After an initial two year term in office the appointed judge will be subject to a retention vote. This is where the appointed judges are place on a ballot and voters are given the power to remove or retain the judge that was appointed by the Governor. The merit selection and the retention elections are a way that the public can have a voice and a power to appoint and remove judges in the appellate and general jurisdiction levels of the Arizona courts. Though they may not have initially appointed a judge to serve because that is done through the merit selection process, after two year the voters have the chance to overturn that decision made through the retention election process. Reference Gawronski, D. (2010). An introduction to arizona history and government. (10 ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions. 5. The Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review and the Commission on Judicial Conduct are two of the major bodies created by Arizona voters to ensure that judges within the state are well monitored. Explain the role of each commission in maintaining judicial honesty within the court system. There are two major bodies created in Arizona to ensure that judges within the state are well monitored are the Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review and the Commission on Judicial Conduct. Each of the commissions is responsible for a different role in making sure the appointed judge are being held responsible and accountable for their actions, as well as gathering information on performance to deliver to the public. The Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review sets performance standards for judges, decides whether the judges are meeting the standards and reports their findings to the public for the judge is up for retention. These findings are published in a JRC report for voters to read so they can be educated when voting for judges on that appear on the ballot. The Judicial Conduct Commission acts on complaints that a judge has engaged in judicial misconduct in particular cases of situations. The primary job of the Judicial Commission is to make sure that judges are being ethical and being held accountable. This Commission even provides information on how to help judges stay ethical in their behavior. These two commissions gather information and hold each individual judge accountable to the importance of the job they hold. They provide information to the public voter to ensure they are educated and informed before they make a decision during a judge’s retention election. It is important for public to access and use this information to make sure they have an informed education before electing a judge to finish their term.